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EUROPE
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Researchers (FTE) involved in research and development activities (R&D): total and by field of science
Year
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
Indicator
Total Field of science
Natural sciences
Engineering and technology
Medical and health sciences
Agricultural sciences
Social sciences
Humanities
EU28
2016
Pro
1,869,446
Full-time Equival...
Portugal
2016
Pro
40,746
Full-time Equival...
EU28
2000
(no values)
Portugal
2000
s
16,738
Full-time Equival...
Operations
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Sources/Entities: Eurostat | OECD | National Entities, PORDATA
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Full-time Equivalent (FTE)
see full table
Groups/Countries
Field of science
Total
Natural sciences
Engineering and technology
Medical and health sciences
Agricultural sciences
Social sciences
Humanities
Years
2000
2016
2000
2016
2000
2016
2000
2016
2000
2016
2000
2016
2000
2016
European Union (28 countries)
x
Pro
1,869,446
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Austria
x
Pro
44,933
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Belgium
30,540
Pro
53,771
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bulgaria
9,479
Pro
15,990
2,905
x
2,890
x
1,188
x
1,044
x
518
x
934
x
Croatia
x
Pro
7,182
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Cyprus
303
Pro
855
107
x
37
x
14
x
36
x
74
x
34
x
Czech Republic
13,852
Pro
37,338
4,429
x
6,202
x
909
x
929
x
311
x
1,072
x
Denmark
x
s
42,923
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Estonia
2,666
4,338
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finland
x
35,908
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
France
172,070
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Germany
257,874
s
400,821
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Greece
x
Pro
29,070
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hungary
14,406
25,804
2,428
x
4,535
x
1,599
x
1,099
x
1,584
x
2,445
x
Ireland
8,516
s
26,293
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Italy
66,110
Pro
126,674
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Latvia
3,814
3,152
1,332
x
873
x
168
x
326
x
776
x
339
x
Lithuania
7,777
Pro
8,375
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Luxembourg
1,646
Pro
2,505
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Malta
x
Pro
829
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Netherlands
42,194
Pro
82,264
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Poland
55,174
x
11,970
x
18,253
x
7,664
x
5,546
x
7,193
x
4,547
x
Portugal
s
16,738
Pro
40,746
s
4,594
x
s
4,502
x
s
1,600
x
s
1,522
x
s
2,745
x
s
1,047
x
Romania
20,476
18,046
3,056
x
13,603
x
702
x
1,477
x
1,015
x
623
x
Slovakia
9,955
14,149
2,739
x
3,282
x
1,134
x
692
x
1,634
x
474
x
Slovenia
4,336
Pro
8,102
853
x
1,770
x
491
x
264
x
788
x
170
x
Spain
76,670
Pro
126,051
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sweden
x
Pro
70,372
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
United Kingdom
s
170,554
Pro
291,416
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sources/Entities: Eurostat | OECD | National Entities, PORDATA
Last updated: 2017-11-27
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