| 5,358,783 | | 429,481,944 | 5,570,572 | | 440,247,483 | 5,793,636 | | Pro446,461,494 |
| 1.2 | | - | 1.3 | | - | Pro1.3 | | - |
| 4.8 | | - | 6.2 | | - | 8.8 | | - |
Ageing indexnumber of elderly people (aged 65 and over) per 100 young people (aged 0 to 14) | 79.3 | | 95.6 | 96.0 | | 116.0 | 117.4 | | Pro132.3 |
| 38.4 | | 38.4 | 40.6 | | 41.6 | 41.8 | | Pro43.5 |
Young people (%)individuals aged 0 to 14 | 18.7 | | 16.7 | 17.8 | | 15.4 | 16.6 | | Pro15.2 |
Elderly people (%)individuals aged 65 and over | 15 | | 16 | 17 | | 18 | 19 | | Pro20 |
Working age people per elderly personindividuals aged 15 to 64 per each individual aged 65 and over | 4.5 | | 4.2 | 3.8 | | 3.7 | 3.3 | | Pro3.2 |
Total fertility rateaverage number of children per woman of childbearing age | 1.74 | | - | 1.75 | | - | 1.73 | | - |
| 29.7 | | - | 30.7 | | - | 31.2 | | - |
| 44.6 | | 26.8 | 49.0 | | 37.8 | 54.2 | | - |
Infant mortality rate (‰)number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births | 4.9 | | - | 3.5 | | - | 3.7 | | - |
| 77.0 | | - | 79.9 | | - | 81.0 | | - |
| - | | - | 2,323.6 | | - | 2,402.2 | | - |
| - | | - | 2.1 | | 2.4 | 2.0 | | 2.3 |
| - | | - | 40.7 | | 31.8 | 43.5 | | 34.3 |
| 19.3 | | - | 23.3 | | - | 19.0 | | - |
| 32.9 | | - | 41.3 | | - | 48.4 | | - |
| 9.2 | | - | 10.3 | | - | 10.4 | | - |
Employment rate (%)number of employed aged 20 to 64 per 100 individuals of same age group | 78.3 | | - | 74.8 | | - | 77.5 | | - |
| 79.7 | | - | 74.8 | | 81.7 | 75.1 | | 80.9 |
| 31.4 | | - | 37.0 | | 30.3 | 35.0 | | 30.5 |
| 8.0 | | - | 8.8 | | 15.4 | 7.7 | | 14.2 |
| 13.5 | | - | 19.4 | | 25.0 | 16.4 | | 19.9 |
| 18.0 | | - | 23.2 | | 20.1 | 18.6 | | 16.7 |
| 9.4 | | - | 8.5 | | - | 10.7 | | - |
| 57.8 | | - | 53.3 | | 49.6 | 55.3 | | 49.9 |
Unemployment rate (%)number of unemployed persons aged 15 to 74 per 100 economically active people of the same age group | 4.2 | | - | 7.8 | | - | 5.1 | | - |
Unemployment rate of population with tertiary education (%)number of unemployed persons aged 15 to 74 with ISCED 5-6 per 100 economically active people of the same age group and level of education | 3.4 | | - | 5.1 | | - | 4.0 | | - |
Unemployment rate of population aged 20 to 24 (%)number of unemployed persons aged 20 to 24 per 100 same age economically active people | 8.1 | | - | 12.7 | | - | 8.6 | | - |
| u22.0 | | - | - | | 43.9 | 19.1 | | 44.6 |
| 53.5 | | - | 58.6 | | 76.6 | 61.8 | | 74.6 |
| 124.4 | | - | 132.5 | | - | 137.2 | | - |
| // | | - | // | | - | // | | - |
Personnel in R&DFTE - full-time equivalent | 39,892 | | s1,747,667 | 57,585 | | 2,256,720 | Pro64,591 | | 2,839,076 |
| 64.8 | | s52.6 | 64.1 | | 53.7 | Pro61.6 | | 59.3 |
| 68.6 | | s64.3 | 66.7 | | 63.1 | Pro64.3 | | 66.4 |
| - | | - | 89.0 | | - | 96.0 | | 76.0 |
| 24,370.1 | | 19,194.1 | 33,100.5 | | 25,721.3 | 38,920.8 | | Pro30,219.8 |
| 48.6 | | 65.5 | 46.2 | | 81.8 | 33.9 | | 79.5 |
| 50.3 | | 26.0 | 49.8 | | 24.9 | 52.9 | | 26.8 |
| - | | - | - | | - | - | | 0.1 |
| - | | - | - | | - | - | | 0.3 |
| - | | 0.6 | 6.4 | | 0.9 | 6.0 | | 3.0 |
| - | | -0.4 | 6.6 | | 0.6 | 7.0 | | 3.0 |
| 46.7 | | 55.8 | 47.9 | | 55.4 | 46.7 | | 53.3 |
| 24.3 | | 19.7 | 26.6 | | 21.2 | 24.3 | | 20.5 |
| 21.3 | | 22.3 | 18.2 | | 20.8 | 22.0 | | 21.0 |
Share of renewable energyin gross final energy consumption | - | | - | 23.4 | | 14.6 | 36.1 | | 18.9 |
| 2.3 | | s1.8 | 2.9 | | 2.0 | Pro3.0 | | 2.2 |
| 7.0 | | - | 13.9 | | - | Pro16.0 | | - |
| - | | - | 90.0 | | 72.0 | 93.0 | | 88.0 |
| - | | - | 87.0 | | 65.0 | 95.0 | | 82.0 |
| 6,063 | | - | 11,510 | | - | 12,988 | | - |
| 36.0 | | - | 40.1 | | - | 39.2 | | - |
| 10.0 | | - | 12.1 | | - | 12.7 | | - |
| 22.0 | | - | 26.6 | | - | 27.8 | | - |
| 62.2 | | - | 67.6 | | - | s49.1 | | Pro50.5 |
| 38.7 | | - | 33.6 | | s44.0 | 37.8 | | s47.6 |
| 58.2 | | - | 61.3 | | - | s45.3 | | 31.8 |
| - | | - | 87.2 | | 101.5 | 112.7 | | 133.3 |
| - | | - | 130 | | - | 130 | | - |