| 22,131,970 | | 429,481,944 | 20,147,528 | | 440,247,483 | 19,473,970 | | Pro446,327,501 |
| 5.2 | | 100.0 | 4.6 | | 100.0 | Pro4.4 | | Pro100.0 |
| - | | - | - | | - | 0.6 | | - |
Ageing indexnumber of elderly people (aged 65 and over) per 100 young people (aged 0 to 14) | 76.7 | | 95.6 | 101.8 | | 116.0 | 117.1 | | Pro132.2 |
| 34.4 | | 38.4 | 40.1 | | 41.6 | 42.1 | | Pro43.4 |
Young people (%)individuals aged 0 to 14 | 17.9 | | 16.7 | 15.8 | | 15.4 | 15.7 | | Pro15.2 |
Elderly people (%)individuals aged 65 and over | 14 | | 16 | 16 | | 18 | 18 | | Pro20 |
Working age people per elderly personindividuals aged 15 to 64 per each individual aged 65 and over | 5.0 | | 4.2 | 4.2 | | 3.7 | 3.6 | | Pro3.2 |
Total fertility rateaverage number of children per woman of childbearing age | 1.27 | | 1.43 | 1.47 | | 1.54 | 1.76 | | Pro1.54 |
| 25.9 | | 29.0 | 27.1 | | 30.2 | 28.0 | | Pro30.8 |
| 26.7 | | 26.8 | 30.0 | | 37.8 | 30.9 | | - |
Infant mortality rate (‰)number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births | 18.4 | | 5.8 | 9.4 | | 3.8 | 6.0 | | 3.4 |
| 71.1 | | - | 74.4 | | 80.1 | 75.3 | | Pro81.0 |
| - | | - | 7,426.5 | | - | 7,494.3 | | - |
| - | | - | 2.7 | | 2.4 | 2.6 | | 2.3 |
| - | | - | 25.0 | | 31.8 | 28.9 | | 34.3 |
| 29.4 | | - | 25.5 | | - | 21.5 | | - |
| 8.8 | | - | 20.3 | | - | 24.6 | | - |
| 21.7 | | - | 18.1 | | - | 16.4 | | - |
Employment rate (%)number of employed aged 20 to 64 per 100 individuals of same age group | 68.3 | | 65.8 | 63.8 | | 67.9 | 69.9 | | 72.4 |
| 83.2 | | - | 89.3 | | 81.7 | 92.5 | | 80.9 |
| 19.1 | | - | 11.8 | | 30.3 | 8.2 | | 30.5 |
| 25.7 | | - | 20.9 | | 15.4 | 17.3 | | 14.2 |
| 53.4 | | - | 42.1 | | 25.0 | 41.5 | | 19.9 |
| 9.3 | | - | 8.1 | | 20.1 | 8.6 | | 16.6 |
| 3.0 | | - | 1.4 | | - | 1.1 | | - |
| 42.3 | | - | 36.6 | | 49.6 | 36.7 | | 49.9 |
Unemployment rate (%)number of unemployed persons aged 15 to 74 per 100 economically active people of the same age group | 6.7 | | - | 7.2 | | - | 4.2 | | - |
Unemployment rate of population with tertiary education (%)number of unemployed persons aged 15 to 74 with ISCED 5-6 per 100 economically active people of the same age group and level of education | 3.9 | | - | 4.7 | | - | 2.1 | | - |
Unemployment rate of population aged 20 to 24 (%)number of unemployed persons aged 20 to 24 per 100 same age economically active people | 17.4 | | - | 22.5 | | 20.6 | 13.7 | | 15.1 |
| 48.6 | | - | u41.0 | | 43.9 | u44.1 | | 44.6 |
| 58.2 | | - | 84.8 | | 76.6 | 81.9 | | 74.6 |
| 23.6 | | 100.0 | 49.2 | | 100.0 | Pro62.9 | | 100.0 |
| 41.4 | | - | 157.2 | | - | 407.9 | | - |
Personnel in R&DFTE - full-time equivalent | 32,639 | | s1,747,667 | 29,749 | | 2,256,720 | 31,933 | | 2,839,076 |
| 61.1 | | s52.6 | 33.6 | | 53.7 | 37.8 | | 59.3 |
| 61.6 | | s64.3 | 36.0 | | 63.1 | 59.3 | | 66.4 |
| - | | - | 34.0 | | 68.0 | 44.0 | | 76.0 |
| 5,396.6 | | 19,194.1 | 13,349.2 | | 25,721.3 | Pro19,931.0 | | Pro30,228.9 |
| 24.2 | | 65.5 | 33.3 | | 81.8 | 34.7 | | 79.4 |
| 17.8 | | 26.0 | 16.8 | | 24.9 | 14.4 | | 26.8 |
| - | | - | - | | - | 1.5 | | 0.1 |
| - | | - | - | | - | 0.1 | | 0.3 |
| -7.7 | | 0.6 | -5.9 | | 0.9 | -3.2 | | 3.0 |
| -5.6 | | -0.4 | -5.0 | | 0.6 | -4.4 | | 3.0 |
| 69.2 | | 55.8 | 63.5 | | 55.4 | 63.8 | | 53.5 |
| 15.8 | | 19.7 | 14.3 | | 21.2 | 16.8 | | 20.5 |
| 21.0 | | 22.3 | 27.2 | | 20.8 | 21.1 | | 21.2 |
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption | - | | - | 21.2 | | 14.6 | 23.9 | | 18.9 |
| 0.4 | | s1.8 | 0.5 | | 2.0 | 0.5 | | 2.2 |
| 1.9 | | - | 1.8 | | 6.7 | 2.0 | | 8.6 |
| - | | - | 47.0 | | 72.0 | 81.0 | | 88.0 |
| - | | - | 37.0 | | 65.0 | 68.0 | | 82.0 |
| - | | - | 2,186 | | - | 3,767 | | - |
| 41.0 | | - | 51.4 | | - | 45.9 | | - |
| 17.0 | | - | 22.3 | | - | 23.5 | | - |
| 30.0 | | - | 33.5 | | - | 35.1 | | - |
| - | | - | - | | - | 10.9 | | Pro50.5 |
| 13.2 | | - | 17.1 | | s44.0 | 18.6 | | s47.6 |
| - | | - | § | | - | 13.2 | | 31.8 |
| - | | - | 80.7 | | 101.5 | 123.1 | | 133.3 |
| - | | - | 130 | | - | 130 | | - |