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R&D personnel and researchers (FTE) involved in research and development activities (R&D): total and females in Europe
Labour force in Europe
Total personnel and researchers involved in research and development activities (R&D): full-time equivalent per thousand active persons
Year
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
Indicator
Total personnel in R&D per thousand active persons
Researchers in R&D per thousand of the active population
EU27 (2020)
2018
13.4
‰
Portugal
2018
11.7
‰
EU27 (2020)
1986
(no values)
Portugal
1986
2.4
‰
Operations
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Sources/Entities: Eurostat | OECD | National Entities, Eurostat | NSI, PORDATA
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Proportion - ‰
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Groups/Countries
Total personnel in R&D per thousand active persons
Researchers in R&D per thousand of the active population
Years
1986
2018
1986
2018
European Union 27 (since 2020)
-
13.4
-
Pro
8.5
Austria
-
Pro
18.3
-
Pro
11.4
Belgium
9.2
Pro
17.8
4.0
Pro
11.5
Bulgaria
-
8.0
-
Pro
5.1
Croatia
-
Pro
7.3
-
Pro
4.5
Cyprus
-
Pro
3.8
-
Pro
2.6
Czech Republic
-
Pro
14.2
-
Pro
7.8
Denmark
7.6
Pro
22.3
3.3
Pro
16.0
Estonia
-
Pro
9.3
-
Pro
7.5
Finland
-
18.8
-
14.2
France
11.5
s
15.4
4.4
s
10.4
Germany
-
s
16.8
-
s
10.3
Greece
-
Pro
11.0
-
Pro
7.9
Hungary
-
9.9
-
6.9
Ireland
4.3
15.5
2.3
10.9
Italy
5.4
Pro
12.3
3.0
Pro
5.5
Latvia
-
6.1
-
Pro
3.9
Lithuania
-
Pro
8.5
-
Pro
6.2
Luxembourg
-
Pro
19.1
-
Pro
10.1
Malta
-
Pro
5.9
-
3.5
Netherlands
-
Pro
17.7
-
Pro
10.8
Poland
-
9.6
-
Pro
7.0
Portugal
2.4
11.7
1.3
Pro
9.4
Romania
-
3.6
-
2.0
Slovakia
-
7.5
-
6.0
Slovenia
-
Pro
15.5
-
Pro
9.9
Spain
s
3.3
10.0
s
1.8
6.2
Sweden
-
┴
17.5
-
┴
14.3
United Kingdom
10.7
Pro
14.5
4.9
Pro
9.5
Iceland
-
16.4
-
10.6
Norway
-
17.3
-
Pro
12.8
Switzerland
-
-
-
-
Sources/Entities: Eurostat | OECD | National Entities, Eurostat | NSI, PORDATA
Last updated: 2020-06-24
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R&D personnel and researchers (FTE) involved in research and development activities (R&D): total and females in Europe
Labour force in Europe
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