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R&D personnel and researchers (FTE) involved in research and development activities (R&D): total and females in Europe

Labour force in Europe

Total personnel and researchers involved in research and development activities (R&D): full-time equivalent per thousand active persons

Year

Indicator

EU28

2017

Pro12.4

‰

Portugal

2017

Pro10.4

‰

EU28

1986

(no values)

Portugal

1986

2.3

‰

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Proportion - ‰

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Groups/Countries	Total personnel in R&D per thousand active persons		Researchers in R&D per thousand of the active population
Years	1986	2017	1986	2017
European Union (28 countries)	x	Pro12.4	x	Pro7.9
Austria	x	Pro17.3	x	Pro10.5
Belgium	9.1	┴Pro16.7	4.0	┴Pro11.2
Bulgaria	x	Pro6.9	x	Pro4.5
Croatia	x	Pro6.5	x	Pro4.3
Cyprus	x	Pro3.5	x	Pro2.4
Czech Republic	x	13.0	x	7.3
Denmark	7.4	Pro21.1	3.3	Pro15.2
Estonia	x	-	x	-
Finland	x	18.1	x	13.7
France	11.4	-	4.4	-
Germany	-	s15.7	-	s9.6
Greece	-	Pro10.1	-	Pro7.4
Hungary	-	8.8	-	6.2
Ireland	4.2	┴12.9	2.3	┴8.7
Italy	5.3	Pro11.2	2.9	Pro5.3
Latvia	x	Pro5.5	x	Pro3.6
Lithuania	x	7.9	x	6.0
Luxembourg	-	Pro18.5	-	Pro9.5
Malta	x	7.2	x	4.3
Netherlands	-	Pro15.3	x	Pro9.4
Poland	x	7.0	x	5.6
Portugal	2.3	Pro10.4	1.2	Pro8.5
Romania	x	3.6	x	1.9
Slovakia	x	6.9	x	5.5
Slovenia	x	Pro14.3	x	Pro9.1
Spain	s3.3	-	s1.8	-
Sweden	x	16.6	x	14.0
United Kingdom	10.6	Pro12.7	4.9	Pro8.7
Iceland	x	-	x	-
Norway	x	Pro17.0	x	Pro12.5
Switzerland	┴-	-	x	-

Sources/Entities: Eurostat | OECD | National Entities, Eurostat | NSI, PORDATA
Last updated: 2018-11-21

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R&D personnel and researchers (FTE) involved in research and development activities (R&D): total and females in Europe

Labour force in Europe